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50 Bài tập Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ có đáp án chi tiết

I. Lý thuyết Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

1. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách dùng hiện tại phân từ V_ing (Present participle phrases)

Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động (active), ta dùng cụm hiện tại phân từ (V_ing) thay cho mệnh đề đó.

*Bỏ đại từ quan hệ và động từ “to be”:

Ví dụ: The girl who is wearing glasses is my cousin.

→ The girl wearing glasses is my cousin. (Cô gái mang kính chính là em họ của tôi.)

*Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu và thêm đuôi “-ing”:

Ví dụ: The girl who wore glasses is my cousin.

→ The girl wearing glasses is my cousin. (Cô gái mang kính chính là em họ của tôi.)

2. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách dùng quá khứ phân từ V3/ed (Past participle phrases)

- Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (passive) ta dùng cụm quá khứ phân từ (past participle phrase)

- Ta bỏ đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns), động từ to be, nhưng vẫn giữ quá khứ phân từ V3/ed.

Ví dụ: The book which was published by AC magazine is the best-seller of this month.

→ The book published by AC magazine is the best-seller of this month.

(Quyển sách được xuất bản bởi tạp chí AC chính là sản phẩm bán chạy nhất tháng này.)

3. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng “to infinitive”

*Khi danh từ đứng trước có các chữ sau đây bổ nghĩa: the only, the first, the second,…, the last, so sánh nhất

Ví dụ: He was the last man who left the room

→ He was the last man to leave the room. (Anh ta là người cuối cùng rời phòng.)

*Động từ là have/ had

Ví dụ: I had some exercises that I need to do.

→ I had some exercises to do. (Tôi có một số bài tập cần phải làm.)

* Đầu câu có Here (be), There (be):

Ví dụ: Here is the form that you must fill in.

→ Here is the form for you to fill in. (Đây là mẫu để bạn điền thông tin vào.)

4. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách sử dụng cụm danh từ

Đối với mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng cụm danh từ có dạng: Relative Pronoun + be + danh từ/ cụm danh từ/ cụm giới từ

Cách làm: bỏ đại từ quan hệ như who ,which và bỏ luôn cả be.

Ví dụ: Taylor, who is a popular singer, has just split up with her boyfriend.

→ Taylor, a popular singer, has just split up with her boyfriend. (Taylor, một ca sĩ nổi tiếng, vừa mới chia tay bạn trai.)

5. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ dạng be + tính từ/ cụm tính từ

Nếu phía trước là đại từ phiếm chỉ (anybody, something, anything…) hay trước đại từ quan hệ có dấu phẩy và có 2 tính từ phía sau chúng ta bỏ đại từ và “to be”, giữ nguyên tính từ. Các trường hợp khác chúng ta đưa tính từ lên trước danh từ.

Ví dụ: My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.

→ My grandmother, old and sick, never goes out of the house.

(Bà tôi, già yếu, không bao giờ ra khỏi nhà.)

6. Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách lược bỏ đại từ

- Nếu đại từ quan hệ có vai trò tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ, ta lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ.

Ví dụ: It’s the best song that I have ever heard. (Đây là bài hát hay nhất mà tớ từng nghe.)

→ It’s the best song I have ever heard.

Trong mệnh đề quan hệ “that I have ever heard”, “that” đóng vai trò tân ngữ của “have heard”. Vì vậy chúng ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách lược bỏ “that” như ví dụ trên.

- Trong trường hợp có giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ, ta đảo giới từ ra cuối mệnh đề quan hệ.

Ví dụ: I saw the boy to whom you talked yesterday. (Tôi đã trông thấy cậu trai mà bạn nói chuyện hôm qua.)

→ I saw the boy you talked to yesterday.

Trong mệnh đề quan hệ “to whom you talked yesterday”, “whom” chính là tân ngữ của mệnh đề và “to” là giới từ của “talk”. Vì vậy chúng ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách lược bỏ “whom” và chuyển “to” xuống cuối mệnh đề quan hệ.

Ví dụ: The knife with which Suzie cut the birthday cake was really sharp. (Con dao mà cậu cắt bánh sinh nhật hôm qua sắc thật.)

→ The knife you cut the cake with was really sharp.

Trong mệnh đề quan hệ “with which Suzie cut the birthday cake”, “which” đóng vai trò tân ngữ, do đó chúng ta có thể rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ bằng cách lược bỏ “which”, và đảo giới từ “with” về cuối mệnh đề quan hệ.

7. Các bước rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ

Bước 1: Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm ở đâu, mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng who, which, that,…

Bước 2: Bước này chủ yếu là giảm từ mệnh đề xuống cụm từ.

1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức của cụm danh từ không? Nếu có áp dụng công thức ở mục IV.

2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem các dấu hiệu như the first, only,… không, nếu có thì áp dụng công thức ở mục III. Ngoài ra, cần phải thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không (để dùng for sb).

3. Nếu không có 2 trường hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-ing hay V-ed.

II. Bài tập Mệnh đề quan hệ

Task 1. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases

1. Do you know the woman who is coming towards us?

2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country.

3. The children who attend that school receive a good education.

4. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood.

5. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page.

6. They live in the house that was built in 1890.

7. The papers that are on the table belong to Patrica.

8. The man who is talking to the policeman is my uncle.

9. The number of students who have been counted is quite high.

10. George is the man who was chosen to represent the committee at the convention.

Đáp án:

1. Do you know the woman coming towards us?

2. I come from a city located in the southern part of the country.

3. The children attending that school receive a good education.

4. The fence surrounding our house is made of wood.

5. Be sure to follow the instructions given at the top of the page.

6. They live in the house built in 1890.

7. The papers on the table belong to Patrica.

8. The man talking to the policeman is my uncle.

9. The number of students counted is quite high.

10. George is the man chosen to represent the committee at the convention.

Task 2. Replace the underlined clauses by an infinitive or infinitive phrase

1. I don’t like him playing in the street. I wish we had a garden that he could play in.

2. He simply loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who leaves.

3. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the lights.

4. The first man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable.

5. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with.

Đáp án:

1. I don’t like him playing in the street. I wish we had a garden for him to play.

2. He simply loves parties. He is always the first to come and the last to leave.

3. The last person to leave the room must turn off the lights.

4. The first man to be interviewed was entirely unsuitable.

5. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything to open it.

Task 3. Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses

1. We had a river in which we could swim.

2. Here are some accounts that you must check.

3. The last student that was interviewed was Tom.

4. We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of VN.

5. My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad.

Đáp án:

1. We had a river to swim.

2. Here are some accounts for you to check

3. The last student to be interviewed was Tom.

4. We visited Hanoi, the capital of VN.

5. My father, a pilot, often goes abroad.

Task 4. Use reduced relative clauses in place of the relative clauses

1. I was the only one who realized him.

2. I have some homework which I must do tonight.

3. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way.

4. I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the motel.

5. There are six reports which have to be typed today.

Đáp án:

1. I was the only one to realize him.

2. I have some homework to do tonight.

3. Our solar system is in a galaxy called the Milky Way.

4. I was awakened by the sound of a laughter coming from the room next to mine at the hotel.

5. There are six reports to be typed today.

Task 5. Dùng cấu trúc rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ viết lại các câu sau

1. The man who is standing there is a clown.

2. The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it.

3. Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives.

4. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.

5. The student don't know how to do exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday.

6. The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812.

7. The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator.

8. All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.

9. All students don't hand in their papers will fail in the exam.

10. I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm.

Đáp án:

1. The man standing there is a clown.

2. The envelop lies on the table has no stamp on it.

3. Benzene, discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives.

4. My grandmother, being old and sick, never goes out of the house.

5. The student don't know how to do exercise given by the teacher yesterday.

6. The diagrams made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812.

7. The gentleman living next door to me is a well-known orator.

8. All the astronauts orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.

9. All students not handing in their papers will fail in the exam.

10. I saw many houses destroyed by the storm.

Bài tập tự luyện

Exercise 1. Combine these following pairs of sentences.

1. She bought the car. Her mother had recommended it.

2. He lost the pencil yesterday. I bought it for him.

3. Lana called the delivery company. Her friend often uses it.

4. Lam met a young man. I used to work with him for a very long time.

5. Sana called the lawyer. My mother knows her very well.

6. He went on a date with a knowledgeable girl. His mother likes her. 

7. We employed a gardener. Nam introduced her.

8. The cake is on the table. My mother bought it.

9. The book belongs to Sara. She found it under the cabinet.

10. The food was yummy. My dad cooked the food.

11. The bike was broken. My grandparents gave me the bike.

12. The robber was arrested. Sam reported him to the police immediately.

13. The teacher was smart and kind. Kathy asked him about her problem.

14. The dancer was very pretty. My younger brother dated her.

15. The secretary is in the post office. Hana always helps her. 

Exercise 2. Connect column A sentences to column B ones and complete the sentences below using the current participle (V-ing).

A	B
Some employees have to work late.	She moved to Australia.
A doctor lived in this house before us.	She caught a shoplifter.
Some doctors attended a conference on malaria.	They will be provided with taxis.
A blonde woman is wearing a dark suit.	They urged governments to act.
Several roads lead to the city center.	They were all closed for the parade.
A woman runs the local shop.	She is the new boss.

1. Employees__________________________

2. The doctor__________________________

3. Doctors ____________________________

4. The blonde woman ___________________

5. All roads ___________________________

Exercise 3. Connect column A sentence to column B and complete the sentence below using the past participle (Vpp) or the current participle (V-ing).

A	B
A driver has been stopped by the police.	He is going out with my sister.
A dog was hit by our neighbor’s car.	It was not seriously hurt.
A young man is playing the guitar.	He was three times over the legal limit.
A lorry overturned on the motorway.	He was nearly knocked down by a bus.
A horse is being ridden by a jockey in blue.	It caused two lanes to be closed.
An elderly man was crossing the street.	It is the odds-on favorite to win.

1. The driver ________________________________

2. The dog __________________________________

3. The young man ____________________________

4. A lorry___________________________________

5. The horse_________________________________

6. An elderly man ____________________________

Exercise 3. Complete the sentence below with the appropriate given verbs and phrases.

1. The woman ___________ was in a hurry so she hailed a taxi.

2. I think the dog ___________ is a Jack Russel.

3. The crowds ___________ looked very happy.

4. The people ___________ our house were the Joneses.

5. The men ___________ have all been arrested.

6. The wallet ___________ was handed in to the police.

7. The girl over there ___________ is the new secretary.

8. The young boy ___________ is my brother.

Đáp án:

1. The woman standing at the bus stop was in a hurry so she hailed a taxi.
2. I think the dog wagging its tail is a Jack Russel.

3. The crowds piling out of the cinema looked very happy.

4. The people most interested in buying our house were the Joneses.

5. The men involved in the robbery have all been arrested.

6. The wallet found on the street was handed in to the police.

7. The girl over there chatting on the phone is the new secretary.

8. The young boy playing with the yoyo is my brother.

Exercise 4. Rewrite sentence using appropriate relative clause shortening.

1. The people who are crossing the street are trying to get a better view.

2. The woman who is talking to your mother is my aunt.

3. The man who is standing by the window is my uncle.

4. All those who do not need to buy tickets please go straight in.
5. The first vineyard which I ever saw was in Germany.

6. Wikipedia, which was launched in 2001, is one of the great internet successes.

7. Animals which share the savannah include wildebeest and gazelles.
8. All the candidates who were selected were given a second interview.

9. All those who passed the test were given a second interview.

10. LOL, which stands for Laughing Out Loud, is now in the OED.

11. The bouquet was made from flowers which were grown locally.

12. This is the man who I was talking to you about.

13. The man who won yesterday's lottery lives next door.

14. Do you know the woman who is coming towards us?

15. The children who attend that school receive a good education.

16. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country.

17. Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page.

18. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood.

19. The papers that are on the table belong to Patrica.

20. The man who is talking to the policeman is my uncle.

21. They live in the house that was built in 1890.

22. The number of students who have been counted is quite high.

23. George is the man who was chosen to represent the committee at the convention.

24. The man who’s talking to the policeman has just returned home from Paris.

25. The novel which was bought by my sister is very interesting.

26. Do you see the notice which warns people not to enter the military zone?

27. The stairs which lead to the cellar are rather slippery.

28. The students who make noise in class will be punished.

29. The pilot was the only one who survived the air crash.

30. We had a river in which we could swim.

31. Passengers who travelled on this bus bought their tickets in books.

32. He was the second man who was killed in this way.

33. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.

34. You are the last person who saw her alive.

35. He simply loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes.

36. I have some letters that I must write.

37. Here are some accounts that you must check.

38. The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which has been built on the Clyde.

39. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.

40. I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with.

Exercise 5. Find and correct the mistakes.

1. The skirt buying by my sister is beautiful.

2. I made these cupcakes for kids eating.

3. I want to buy things making in Vietnam.

4. The boy played basketball over there is my brother.

5. People have a VVIP account can have a 15% discount.