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Bài tập Linking words and phrases (từ nối và cụm từ liên kết)

I. LÝ THUYẾT

1. Liên từ kết hợp là gì?

Liên từ kết hợp (Coordinating conjunctions) có tổng cộng 7 từ:

And     Nor     But     Or    Yet     So

Để dễ ghi nhớ, các bạn có thể ghép các chữ cái đầu mỗi liên từ kết hợp lại, ta sẽ được: FANBOYS

2. Chức năng

*Nối 2 từ trong câu:

Ví dụ: a mouse and a cat (một con chuột và một con mèo) ⇒ cùng là danh từ

She is nice but old (cô ấy đẹp nhưng già) ⇒ cùng là tính từ

Lưu ý: các từ phải giống nhau về bản chất (cùng là danh từ hoặc cùng là động từ, trạng từ,…)

*Nối 2 cụm từ:

Ví dụ: once a week or twice a week (1 lần 1 tuần hay 2 lần 1 tuần)

*Nối 2 mệnh đề:

Ví dụ: My mother likes cat but I hate cat. (Mẹ tôi thích mèo nhưng tôi ghét chúng).

3. Phân loại

*For: dùng để giải thích lý do hoặc mục đích

Ví dụ: I’m going to school tomorrow, for the subject is very important. (Tôi sẽ đến trường vào ngày mai, vì môn học đó rất quan trọng).

*And: thêm/bổ sung thêm 1 thứ vào 1 thứ khác

Ví dụ: She can play guitar and sing well. (Cô ấy có thể chơi ghi-ta và hát hay)

*Nor: dùng để bổ sung 1 ý phủ định vào ý phủ định đã nêu trước đó.

Ví dụ: I won’t eat meat nor fish. (Tôi sẽ không ăn thịt và cá nữa)

*But: Dùng để diễn tả sự đối lập, trái nghĩa

Ví dụ: I love him but I don’t want him to know. (Tôi yêu anh ấy nhưng tôi không muốn anh ấy biết.)

*Or: dùng để trình bày thêm 1 lựa chọn khác

Ví dụ: Do you want to eat pizza or noodle? (Bạn muốn ăn pizza hay mì?)

*Yet: dùng để diễn tả một ý khác trái ngược với ý trước đó (tương tự “but”)

Ví dụ: Jane is less talkative yet she is very kind. (Jane ít nói nhưng cô ấy là rất tốt)

*So: dùng để nói về một kết quả hoặc một ảnh hưởng của hành động/sự việc diễn ra trước đó.

Ví dụ: I did all homework so I am confident. (Tôi đã làm hết tất cả bài tập về nhà cho nên tôi rất tự tin)

4. Tương liên từ

Tương liên từ mà bạn hay gặp là kiểu có hai từ trở lên như: both...and. Đây là liên từ được tạo thành bởi sự kết hợp của liên từ và từ khác. 

Tương liên từ được dùng để liên kết các cụm từ hay mệnh đề với chức năng tương đương, ngang hàng nhau về mặt ngữ pháp.

Các tương liên từ hay gặp:

- either...or (hoặc cái này hoặc cái kia)

- neither...nor (không cái này cũng không cái kia)

- not only...but also (không những…mà còn)

- both...and (cả cái này và cái kia)

- no sooner … than (ngay khi…thì…)

Ví dụ:

I like neither pork nor lamb. (Tôi không thích thịt lợn và thịt bò.)

He not only handsome but also gentle. (Anh ấy không chỉ đẹp trai mà còn hiền lành.)

5. Liên từ phụ thuộc

Đây là loại liên từ dùng để nối giữa những nhóm từ hay mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau, có liên kết chính phụ với nhau.

Các liên từ phụ thuộc bạn hay gặp:

- as long as (miễn là)

- as soon as (ngay khi)

- in order that (để)

- so (bởi vậy)

- if (nếu)

- even if (kể cả nếu)

- unless (trừ khi)

- until (cho đến khi)

- when (khi)

- where (ở đâu)

- whether (có khi)

- while (trong khi)

- Because ( Bởi vì)

Ví dụ:

Nobody could hear her because she spoke too quietly. (Không ai có thể nghe được bởi vì cô ấy nói quá nhanh.)

I leave the party because my dad call me. (Tôi rời khỏi bữa tiệc bởi bố tôi gọi cho tôi.)

Một số liên từ phụ thuộc và giới từ giống nhau như:

Because - Because of

While - During

Although - Despite/ In spite of

Vậy làm thế nào để phân biệt và điền đúng loại từ? Các bạn hãy nhớ đến cách dùng của liên từ và giới từ. Bạn sẽ thấy:

- Liên từ + cụm từ/mệnh đề 

- Giới từ + một danh từ hoặc ngữ danh từ.

Một ví dụ như sau:

- They go home during the rain. (Họ về nhà suốt lúc mưa.) - the rain là mạo từ + danh từ

- They go home while it rains. (Họ về nhà trong khi trời mưa.) - it rains: mệnh đề

II. BÀI TẬP

Task 1. Chọn đáp án đúng

1. Deserts are harsh and dry, ________ many plants grow there.

A. For

B. So

C. Yet

2. Pat looked at the antique rocker, ________ she couldn’t afford to buy it.

A. And

B. But

C. Or

3. Constance might go to the library, ________ she might stay home.

A. But

B. So

C. Nor

4. Sue jogs every day, _______ she wants to stay in shape.

A. But

B. Yet

C. For

5. His shoes are worn, _______ he has no socks.

A. For

B. So

C. Or

Đáp án

1. C. Yet

2. B. But

3. A. But

4. C. For

5. A. For

Câu hỏi	1	2	3	4	5
Đáp án	C	B	A	C	A

Task 2. Chọn đáp án đúng

1. Guy is a contractor, _______ he knows the construction business.

A. So

B. And

C. But

2. Bill went to work, _______ he didn’t punch in.

A. Or

B. But

C. So

3. My brother is in the play, _______ I want to attend the first performance.

A. Or

B. So

C. For

4. Annette couldn’t go, ________ she was tired.

A. Nor

B. Yet

C. For

5. Your niece and I went out to lunch, ________ we both ordered fish.

A. And

B. Or

C. Yet

Đáp án

1. A. So

2. B. But

3. B. So

4. C. For

5. A. And

Câu hỏi	1	2	3	4	5
Đáp án	A	B	B	C	A

Task 3. Hoàn thành câu bằng cách sử dụng các liên từ kết hợp có trong ngoặc

1. My car has a radio _________ a CD player. (but, or, and)

2. Sharon hates to listen to rap music, _______ will she tolerate heavy metal. (but, nor, or)

3. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado, _________ Bill insisted that they fly. (and, or, but)

4. Carol wanted to drive to Colorado, _________ Bill insisted that they fly. (and, or, but)

5. I have to be on time, _________ my boss will be annoyed if I’m late. (and, nor, for)

Đáp án

1. And

2. Nor

3. But

4. Yet

5. For

Task 4. Hoàn thành câu bằng cách sử dụng các liên từ kết hợp có trong ngoặc

1. Do you like chocolate _________ vanilla ice cream better? (or, nor, and)

2. I have to go to work at six, _________ I’m waking up at four. (but, so, yet)

3. I was on time, _________ everyone else was late. (so, but, for)

4. Nadia doesn’t like to drive, _________ she takes the bus everywhere. (but, yet, so)

5. Our trip to the museum was interesting, _________ there were several new artifacts on display. (but, for, yet)

Đáp án

 

1. Or

2. So

3. But

4. So

5. For

Task 5. Chọn đáp án đúng nhất điền vào chỗ trống ở mỗi câu sau.

1. He got wet_______ he forgot his umbrella.

A. because of

B. because

C. but

D. and

2. He stops working _______ heavy raining.

A. in spite of

B. although

C. despite

D. because of

3. They have a lot of difficulties in their life _______ their poverty.

A. in spite of

B. although

C. because

D. because of

4. Tom wakes his parents up_______ playing the guitar very softly.

A. because

B. in spite of

C. because of

D. although

5. Nobody could hear her_______ she spoke too quietly.

A. although

B. because

C. because of

D. in spite of

Đáp án

1. B. because

2. D. because of

3. D. because of

4. B. in spite of

5. B. because

Câu hỏi	1	2	3	4	5
Đáp án	B	D	D	B	B

Task 6. Chọn đáp án đúng nhất điền vào chỗ trống ở mỗi câu sau.

1. We decided to leave early _______the party was boring.

A. although     B. despite

C. because     D. because of

2. Many people believe him__________ he often tells a lie.

A. because     B. in spite of

C. although     D. because of

3. _______she was very hard working; she hardly earned enough to feed her family.

A. In spite of     B. Because

C. Because of     D. Although

4. _______her absence from class yesterday, she couldn’t understand the lesson.

A. Although     B. In spite of

C. Because of    D. Because

5. ______her poorness, she feels happy.

A. Although     B. Because

C. If     D. In spite of

Đáp án

1. C. because

2. C. although

3. D. Although

4. C. Because of

5. D. In spite of

Câu hỏi	1	2	3	4	5
Đáp án	C	C	D	C	D

Task 7. Điền một liên từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống

The person that I gave it to was a very good friend of mine at the time. His name was Kaliya (1)__________ he came from India. I knew him (2)_________ we studied together at a language school in Cambridge. (3)____________ we were from different backgrounds and cultures, we got on really well and we had the same sense of humor (4)___________ we became very good friends.

The present was a picture that had been painted of the River Cam in Cambridge. It was not so big - maybe around 10 inches by 14 inches, but it was very beautiful. It came in a gold plated frame and the picture had been drawn by a particularly well-known Cambridge artist. It had been signed by this person as well.

It’s the first time I have given this person a present, and I guess it’s quite different from presents (5)_________ I have given to other people before – I don’t recall ever giving someone a picture actually. If I’m buying for family then I’ll usually buy clothes or maybe some jewelry if it is a special occasion. Normally when I’ve bought something for friends it’s something more jokey so we can have a laugh about it, nothing that serious.

The reason (6)_________ I decided to give this particular gift is because we had spent a lot of time together in Cambridge and we had had some really fun times punting on the River Cam – that’s obviously why I thought this was an appropriate present. We used to go punting at least once a week, sometimes a couple of times. On one occasion there was a group of about ten of us that went down there, and we spent the whole day sitting by the river in the sun (7)__________ as usual we went on a boat trip together. We all have a lot of photos to remind us of this great day.

So my friend, Kaaliya, is the person that I gave a present to and this was because I felt it would always remind him of the fun times that we had and also of Cambridge.

Đáp án

1. and

2. because/ as/ since

3. Though/ Although

4. so

5. that

6. why

7. and

Task 8. Mỗi câu sau chứa một lỗi sai, hãy tìm và sửa chúng

1. Because of feeling very tired, John couldn’t sleep.

2. Though Tom was ill, he couldn’t take part in his little sister’s birthday party.

3. Before she was washing the dishes, her parents came home.

4. “Bring an umbrella with you although it rains”, my mom told me.

5. I had to wait for him in front of his house because of 9 p.m.

6. That was the reason when they didn’t want to come back to their hometown.

7. I am sure they are going to succeed so their difficulties.

Đáp án

1. Because of ⇒ In spite of

2. Though ⇒ Because

3. Before ⇒ While

4. although ⇒ in case

5. because of ⇒ until

6. when ⇒ why

7. so ⇒ despite/ in spite of

Task 9. Chọn đáp án đúng.

1. She's not only beautiful_________ intelligent.

a. but also     b. but

c. however     d. yet

2. I was very tired, ________ I determined to walk on to the next village.

a. therefore     b. however

c. and     d. or

3. You can come here either on Monday__________ on Friday.

a. or     b. nor

c. both     d. and

4. He had to act immediately; ________ he would have been too late.

a. consequently     b. nevertheless

c. still     d. otherwise

5. They said both he_________ I were to come.

a. and     b. but

c. or     d. so

Đáp án

1. a. but also

2. b. however

3. a. or

4. d. otherwise

5. a. and

Câu hỏi	1	2	3	4	5
Đáp án	a	b	a	d	a

Task 10. Chọn đáp án đúng

1. Bill is in class 12, _______ John, who is a year older, is only in class 4.

a. and     b. whereas

c. either     d. nevertheless

2. You must leave at once, ________ you miss the train.

a. however    b. yet

c. still     d. otherwise

3. You need to get some job retraining. _______ it, you risk being laid off.

a. If so     b. If not

c. With     d. Without

4. Could I have rice_______ potatoes, please?

a. but     b. but also

c. instead     d. instead of

5. _______His denial, we knew that he was guilty.

a. Despite     b. In spite

c. Because     d. And

Đáp án

1. b. whereas

2. d. otherwise

3. d. Without

4. d. instead of

5. a. Despite

Câu hỏi	1	2	3	4	5
Đáp án	b	d	d	d	a

 

Bài tập tự luyện

Exercise 1. Choose the correct answer. 

1. A: Would you like to drink a cup of tea ________ coffee?

    B: Tea, please.

A. and

B. or

C. although

D. but

2. My sister plays volleyball well ________ I do not.

A. and

B. but

C. or

D. although

3. Most people like watching comedy ________ it's very interesting.

A. because

B. so

C. although

D. but

4. _________ Minh likes sport programmes, he watches this animal programme with his family.

A. Because

B. Although

C. and

D. but

5. The film is very interesting. It's both moving ________ funny.

A. and

B. or

C. although

D. but

6. I have to go out ________ I meet my pen pal today.

A. but

B. so

C. because

D. or

7. We decide to stay at home ________ it's raining heavily.

A. though

B. so

C. because

D. but

8. ________ she knows that watching too much TV is a bad habit, she still watches TV usually.

A. Because

B. Although

C. or

D. but

Exercise 2. Fill in each blank with one of the conjunctions "and/ or/ but/ so/ because/ although" to complete the sentences.

1. Is her child a boy ________ a girl?

2. I forgot to bring the map, ________I got lost.

3. He failed the examination ________ he didn't study hard.

4. Lien won the match ________ she was injured.

5. My new classmate is quite friendly ________ sociable.

6. I don't like watching films on TV ________ I like watching them at the cinema.

7. She likes watching cartoons ________ they are colorful and funny.

8. He helps his friends a lot ________ he is very busy.

9. Lan sings very well ________ she cannot sing in front of many people.

10. The movie was very boring ________ we went out to go shopping.

Exercise 3. Choose the best answer.

1. I’d love to stay (so /and / but) I have to catch my bus.

2. His hot chocolate was too hot (so / and / but) he put some cold milk in it.

3. (Or/ Although/ Because) we had an umbrella, we got extremely wet.

4. I only passed my exam (because / but / although) you helped me.

5. They were hungry (but / because / so) they made some sandwiches.

6. We can go to the pool (and / but / or) we can go horse-riding, whichever you prefer.

7. She didn’t want him to see her (and / so / although) she hid behind a plant.

8. He’s in the town centre (so / because / but) he wants to look for shoes.

9. I’m definitely coming tonight, (or / because / although) I could be a bit late.

10. We can go to the shop before we go to Clare’s house (and / or / so) go to Clare’s house first to see if she needs anything. What do you think?

Exercise 4. Rewrite the sentence using the given words.

1. He was lazy, so he got a bad mark. (because)

2. It rained hard yesterday. I went to school on time. (although)

3. Daisy has to do her homework. She is very tired. (Although)

4. I am interested in the history of television, so I’ve read a lot of books about it. (because)

5. We tried our best to play well. We didn’t win the match. (although)

Exercise 5. Make the sentences using a conjunction: but; and; or; so.

1. We know him. We know his friends.

2. The coat was soft. The coat was warm.

3. It is stupid to do that. It is quite unnecessary.

4. I wanted to go. He wanted to stay.

5. Your arguments are strong. They don’t convince me.

6. You can go there by bus. You can go there by train.

7. I was feeling tired. I went to bed when I got home.

Exercise 6. Choose the correct answer.

1. He got wet _______ he forgot his umbrella.

A. because of

B. because

C. but

D. and

2. He stops working _______ heavy raining.

A. in spite of

B. although

C. despite

D. because of

3. They have a lot of difficulties in their life _______ their poverty.

A. in spite of

B. although

C. because

D. because of

4. Tom wakes his parents up _______ playing the guitar very softly.

A. because

B. in spite of

C. because of

D. although

5. Nobody could hear her _______ she spoke too quietly.

A. although

B. because

C. because of

D. in spite of

6. We decided to leave early _______ the party was boring.

A. although

B. despite

C. because

D. because of

7. Many people believe him _______ he often tells a lie.

A. because

B. in spite of

C. although

D. because of

8. _______ she was very hard-working, she hardly earned enough to feed her family.

A. In spite of

B. Because

C. Because of

D. Although

9. _______ her absence from class yesterday, she couldn’t understand the lesson.

A. Although

B. In spite of

C. Because of

D. Because

10. _______ her poorness, she feels happy.

A. Although

B. Because

C. If

D. In spite of

Exercise 7. Fill in the blank with a suitable word.

The person that I gave it to was a very good friend of mine at the time. His name was Kaliya (1) ________ he came from India. I knew him (2) ________ we studied together at a language school in Cambridge. (3) ________ we were from different backgrounds and cultures, we got on really well and we had the same sense of humor (4) ________ we became very good friends.

The present was a picture that had been painted of the River Cam in Cambridge. It was not so big - maybe around 10 inches by 14 inches, but it was very beautiful. It came in a gold plated frame and the picture had been drawn by a particularly well-known Cambridge artist. It had been signed by this person as well.

It’s the first time I have given this person a present, and I guess it’s quite different from presents (5) ________ I have given to other people before – I don’t recall ever giving someone a picture actually. If I’m buying for family then I’ll usually buy clothes or maybe some jewelry if it is a special occasion. Normally when I’ve bought something for friends it’s something more jokey so we can have a laugh about it, nothing that serious.

The reason (6) ________ I decided to give this particular gift is because we had spent a lot of time together in Cambridge and we had had some really fun times punting on the River Cam – that’s obviously why I thought this was an appropriate present. We used to go punting at least once a week, sometimes a couple of times. On one occasion there was a group of about ten of us that went down there, and we spent the whole day sitting by the river in the sun (7) ________ as usual we went on a boat trip together. We all have a lot of photos to remind us of this great day.

So my friend, Kaaliya, is the person that I gave a present to and this was because I felt it would always remind him of the fun times that we had and also of Cambridge.

Exercise 8. Find and correct the mistakes.

1. Because of feeling very tired, John couldn’t sleep.

2. Though Tom was ill, he couldn’t take part in his little sister’s birthday party.

3. Before she was washing the dishes, her parents came home.

4. “Bring an umbrella with you although it rains”, my mom told me.

5. I had to wait for him in front of his house because of 9 p.m.

6. That was the reason when they didn’t want to come back to their hometown.

7. I am sure they are going to succeed so their difficulties.

Exercise 9. Choose the correct answer.

1. She couldn’t attend the party ________ she had a prior commitment.

A. because

B. and

C. but

D. so

2. He was both tired ________ hungry after the long journey.

A. and

B. or

C. but

D. because

3. We’ll go out for dinner tonight ________ my meeting ends early.

A. because

B. if

C. so

D. but

4. Sarah won’t go to the beach ________ her friends are going with her.

A. despite

B. unless

C. because

D. but

5. Mark forgot his umbrella at home, ________ he got completely soaked in the rain.

A. if

B. but

C. because

D. so

6. Would you talk about the last homework ________ discuss the next exam in our next meeting? 

A. or

B. so

C. yet

D. and

7. John wanted to go to the concert; ________, he couldn’t get a ticket.

A. but

B. although

C. however

D. and

8. ________ he was tired, he stayed up late to finish his project.

A. If

B. Although

C. Because

D. However

9. You can choose ________ chocolate cake ________ vanilla cake for dessert.

A. and – but

B. either – or

C. so – but

D. neither – or

10. Nick will come to the party _______ he finishes his work.

A. so

B. once

C. because

D. or

11. He didn’t go to the concert ________ he had already seen the band perform.

A. but

B. unless

C. because

D. if

12. Jenny was shopping for groceries. ________, her husband was cooking dinner at home.

A. However

B. Yet

C. So

D. Meanwhile

13. I’m not eating dinner tonight. I’m not hungry because I had a big lunch. ________, I want to lose a bit of weight. 

A. So

B. However

C. Besides

D. Yet

14. Our family will go for a trip this summer ________ Jack finishes all of his exams.

A. because

B. when

C. but

D. so

15. She neither enjoys swimming ________ hiking. She is not a very active person.

A. but

B. nor

C. or

D. and