Tailieumoi.vn xin giới thiệu đến các quý thầy cô, các em học sinh đang trong quá trình ôn tập tài liệu Đề cương ôn tập Tiếng Anh giữa học kì 2 đầy đủ, tài liệu bao gồm 23 trang, gồm lý thuyết và bài tập rèn luyện giúp các em học sinh có thêm tài liệu tham khảo trong quá trình ôn tập, củng cố kiến thức và chuẩn bị cho bài thi môn Tiếng Anh sắp tới. Chúc các em học sinh ôn tập thật hiệu quả và đạt được kết quả như mong đợi.
Mời các quý thầy cô và các em học sinh cùng tham khảo và tải về chi tiết tài liệu dưới đây:
ÔN THI GIỮA HK 2
CHỦ ĐỀ: Global warming, Further education, Our world heritage sites.
I/ LÝ THUYẾT:
1. Perfect gerunds (Danh động từ hoàn thành)
• Hình thức having + pp (chủ động); having been + pp (bị động)
Dùng thay cho hình thức hiện tại của danh động từ khi nhấn mạnh một hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ trước hành động của động từ chính trong câu.
E.g: She denied having stolen the bike. (Cô ấy phủ nhận đã lấy trộm xe đạp.) nhấn mạnh hành động
"having stolen the bike - lấy trộm xe đạp" xảy ra trước hành động "she denied- cô ấy phủ nhận"
Danh động từ hoàn thành có thể được dùng trong các cấu trúc sau:
Các động từ thường gặp là accuse sb of (buộc tội ai); apologize sb for (xin lỗi ai), admire sb for (ngưỡng mộ ai), blame sb for (đổ lỗi cho ai), congratulate sb on (chúc mừng ai), criticize sb for (chỉ trích ai), praise sb for (khen ngợi ai), thank sb for (cảm ơn ai), suspect sb of (nghi ngờ ai), ....
Các động từ thường gặp là admit (thừa nhận), deny (phủ nhận), forget (quên), mention (đề cập),
remember (nhớ), regret (hối tiếc, hối hận), ....
Lưu ý: Tùy vào ngữ cảnh chúng ta có thể sử dụng danh động từ đơn (gerunds) hay danh động từ hoàn thành (perfect gerunds). Trong một số trường hợp chúng ta có thể thấy rõ hành động nào xảy ra trước và do đó chúng ta chỉ cần sử dụng danh động từ đơn mà không cần dùng danh động từ hoàn thành để nhấn mạnh.
E.g: She denied stealing the bag.
2. Perfect participles in clauses of time and reason (Phân từ hoàn thành trong các mệnh đề chỉ thời gian và lý do)
E.g: Having finished his homework, he went out with his friends. (Sau khi làm xong bài tập về nhà, cậu ấy đã đi chơi với bạn.)
Chúng ta dùng phân từ hoàn thành để:
- Rút gọn mệnh đề khi hành động trong mệnh đề đó xảy ra trước hành động khác.
E.g: He finished his homework and then he went out with his friends.
Having finished his homework, he went out with his friends.
- Rút gọn mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
E.g: After he had got up, he brushed his teeth.
After having getting up/ Having getting up, he brushed his teeth.
- Giải thích lý do cho hành động trong mệnh đề chính.
E.g: Having lost the game, they cried a lot.
Lưu ý: Mệnh đề rút gọn được gọi là mệnh đề phân từ (participle clauses); hai hành động có cùng chủ ngữ.
3. PRESENT PERFECT (Hiện tại hoàn thành)
a. Form (Cấu trúc):
(+) S + have/ has + Vp2/ ed + O
(-) S + have/ has + not + Vp2/ ed + O
(?) Have/ has (not) + S + Vp2/ ed + O?
b. Uses (Cách sử dụng)
- Diễn tả 1 sự việc vừa mới xảy ra.
Ex: I have just finished the financial report. (Tôi vừa hoàn thành xong bản báo cáo tài chính.)
- Diễn tả 1 sự việc đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại.
Ex: My husband has worked for this company for 2 years. (Chồng tôi đã làm cho công ty này được 2 năm - Nghĩa là: cách đây 2 năm đã bắt đầu làm, hiện tại vẫn có thể đang làm cho công ty này hoặc không)
- Diễn tả 1 sự việc đã xảy ra ở một thời điểm không xác định trong quá khứ.
Ex: She has been in China for a long time. (Đã có một thời gian dài cô ấy ở Trung Quốc.)
- Nhấn mạnh đến trải nghiệm bản thân (the first/second/third/last… time), nhấn mạnh kết quả:
Ex: + I have seen that film three times. (Tôi đã từng xem bộ phim này 3 lần)
+ This is the first time that he has been in the USA. (Đây là lần đầu tiên anh ấy đến Mỹ)
c. Advs (Trạng ngữ nhận biết)
- just, recently, lately: gần đây, vừa mới
- before : trước đây
- already: rồi
- ever: từng
- never: không bao giờ, chưa bao giờ
- yet: chưa
- since: kể từ khi
- for: khoảng
- so far = until now = up to now = up to the present: cho đến bây giờ
d. Một số lưu ý đối với thì hiện tại hoàn thành
- Phân biệt “Since” và “For”:
since + mốc thời gian
for + khoảng thời gian
Ex: - I've known Anna since October.
- I've known Anna for two months.
- Phân biệt “yet” và “already”:
yet : dùng trong câu phủ định và câu nghi vấn
already : dùng trong câu khẳng định
Ex: - He hasn't come yet.
- I've already posted the letters.
- Thường dùng “ever”, “never” với Hiện tại hoàn thành:
Ex: - He has never been there.
- Have you ever eaten snake meat?
- Phân biệt “Have/ has been” khác với “have/ has gone”:
Ex: (a) Mr. Smith is not here at the moment. He has gone to a meeting in London.
(b) Amada has been to the travel agent. She has your tickets for Hong Kong.
Trong 2 ví dụ trên, ví dụ (a) có thể hiểu là Mr. Smith vẫn đang ở buổi họp trong khi đó ở ví dụ (b) Amada đã đi đến đó và trở về rồi.
- Một số lưu ý khác:
ü Trong các mệnh để diễn tả sự so sánh hơn nhất, số thứ tự, sự duy nhất hay số lần thực hiện hành động
→ Động từ chia ở Hiện tại hoàn thành.
Ex: - This is the most interesting story I have heard.
- This is the only foreigner I have ever known.
(1) It's the first / second / ... time + HTHT
(2) This is the first / second ... time + HTHT
Ex: - It's the first time I have driven a car.
- This is the first time she has lived in New York.
ü Its + khoảng thời gian + since + sb last did sth: Đó là khoảng thời gian kể từ khi ai đó làm gì.
Ex: I haven't seen her for 3 days. → It's 3 days since I last saw her.
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
a. Form (Cấu trúc)
(+) S + have/ has + been + Ving
(-) S + have/ has + not + been + Ving
(?) Have/ Has (not) + S + been + Ving?
b. Uses (Cách sử dụng): Diễn tả sự việc đã xảy ra trong quá khứ, kéo dài đến hiện tại và có thể tiếp tục xảy ra trong tương lai. (Nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động)
Ex: I have been teaching English since I was a second-year student.
(Tôi đã dạy tiếng Anh kể từ khi tôi là sinh viên năm thứ 2, đã bắt đầu dạy trong quá khứ, hiện tại vẫn
đang tiếp tục dạy và có thể trong tương lai vẫn dạy)
c. Advs (Trạng ngữ nhận biết)
- For + time + now, và giống các trạng ngữ của thì hiện tại hoàn thành (Thường sẽ có 1 vế giải thích ở hiện tại tiếp diễn)
Một số cụm từ thường đi kèm trong thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn như: all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long, the whole week, ...
- Thì hiện tại hoàn thành chú ý đến kết quả của hành động.Trong khi đó, thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn nhấn mạnh đến hành động mà có thể chưa kết thúc.
E.g: I've been decorating the house this morning. (nhấn mạnh vào hành động -decorating- hành động chưa kết thúc)
I've painted the living room blue. (nhấn mạnh vào kết quả của hành động. Bây giờ chúng ta có thể nhìn
thấy được kết quả)
- Thì hiện tại hoàn thành nói đến hành động hoàn thành được bao nhiêu (how many/ how much); còn thì
hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn nói đến hành động xảy ra được bao lâu (how long) E.g: She's been writing letters for 3 hours.
She's written 5 letters.
- Thì hiện tại hoàn thành nói đến hành động mang tính chất lâu dài, còn thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn chỉ hành động mang tính tạm thời.
E.g: I've worked here for ten years.
I usually work in Hanoi but I've been working in Ho Chi Minh City for the last 3 weeks.
Lưu ý: Trong một số trường hợp, ta có thể chia động từ ở cả thì hiện tại hoàn thành và hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn tùy thuộc vào ngữ cảnh.
6 .Participle and to - infìnitive clauses (Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng một ngữ phân từ và động từ nguyên
mẫu có TO)
v Mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng: who/ which / that + V có thể được rút gọn bằng những cách sau:
Dùng V-ing khi mệnh đề quan hệ ở chủ động: who / which / that + V (active) →V-ing
E.g: The girl who is talking to Mr. Huy is my younger sister→The girl talking to Mr. Huy is my younger sister. (Cô gái đang nói chuyện với Thầy Huy là em gái tôi.)
Dùng V-PP khi mệnh đề quan hệ ở bị động: who / which / that + V (passive) →V-PP
E.g: The lamp which was made in China is five dollars. =The lamp made in China is five dollars. (Chiếc đèn được sản xuất ở Trung Quốc có giá 5 đô la)
Dùng to V khi:
- Danh từ phía trước đại từ quan hệ đứng trước một số từ như: the first, the second, etc., the next, the last, the only; và đôi khi trước hình thức so sánh bậc nhất như the oldest, the most beautiful............................................................................................................... (the
only, the first...) + N + relative pronouns (who/ which/ that) + V → to V (chủ động); to be PP (bị động)
E.g: He was the first person who came here yesterday. → He was the first person to come here yesterday
(Anh ấy là người đầu tiên đến đây vào hôm qua.)
She is the only person who is called for the interview. → She is the only person to be called for the interview.
- Động từ phía trước là HAVE/HAS để diễn tả mục đích,
E.g: He had something that he had to do. → He had something to do. (Anh ấy có một số việc phải làm.) I have a lot of homework which I have to do now. → I have a lot of homework to do now.
+ Đầu câu có HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
E.g: There are ten messages which are sent today. → There are ten messages to be sent today.
Dùng cụm danh từ/ giới từ khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng:
Cách làm: ta bỏ who, which và be
E.g: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for our health. Football, a popular sport, is very good for our health.
II. BÀI TẬP :
1. The missing children were last seen (play) near the river.
2. (complete) the book, he had a holiday.
3. (find) only in the Andes, the plant is used by local people to treat skin diseases.
4. The accident seems (happen) at around 1.00 p.m yesterday.
5. The shoes (make) in China is cheap.
6. Last year I studied abroad. I appreciate (have) the opportunity to live and study in a foreign country.
7. (look) down from the hill, the town spread out before us towards the coast.
8. Alex doesn't like to have her picture (take). She avoids (photograph).
9. I don't agree with (smack) children if they do something wrong.
10. The book (publish) last month is her first novel.
EX 2. Choose the correct word in the bracket to complete the sentences.
deforestation heat-related emissions extinction absorb
catastrophic footprint diversity preserve infectious
1. Global warming has proved truly ______________________________________ for the environment.
2. Having measured the company's carbon _________________________________, they realised that the amount of carbon dioxide (CO) it produced was great.
3. Rainforests have the highest species ________________________________ on the earth.
4. We need to ________________________________ the diversity of wildlife because each species has an important role to play.
5. Scientists have warned about the relationship between climate change and the spread of ________________________________ diseases.
6. The alarming rate of ________________________________ results in damage to the quality of the land.
7. The increase in the earth's temperature can cause _________________________________ illnesses which can be dangerous to people.
8. A large amount of carbon dioxide ________________________________ are released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels.
9. Many species are threatened with _____________________________ due to deforestation and loss of habit.
10. More trees should be planted as they ___________________________ carbon dioxide and give off oxygen.
EX 3. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form the word that fits in the gap in the same line.
1. Global warming may lead to _____________________ weather events, including heat waves, floods, and powerful storms, which could affect people's lives. (EXTREMELY)
2. Every one of us can help to protect and sustain our environment by _____________________ our consumption habits. (CHANGE)
3. Even slight increase in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can cause a _____________________ rise in temperature. (SIGNIFICANCE)
4. There is a _____________________ between the recent droughts and climate change. (CONNECT)
5. Farming contributes more than 30 percent of the total greenhouse gas _____________________. (EMIT)
6. The overuse of chemical _____________________ is a serious threat to the environment. (FERTILIZE)
7. Global warming is the increase in the earth's average surface temperature due to the warming _____________________ of greenhouse gases. (EFFECTIVE)
8. The main cause of _____________________ warming is the burning of fossil fuels, such as natural gas, oil, and coal. (GLOBE)
9. The _____________________ of the earth's atmosphere causes sea-level rise. (WARM)
10. Many animal species are in danger of extinction due to the loss of their habitat and inability to _____________________ to climate change. (ADAPTION)
EX 4 Rewrite the sentences, using perfect gerunds.
1. Nam won a scholarship. We are excited about that fact.
→ We are ______________________________________________________________
2. Entering the room, I was surprised at what I saw.
→ When _______________________________________________________________
3. The volunteers couldn't mow the old lady's lawns because of the rain.
→ The rain prevented ________________________________________________
4. Since we have become too dependent on the use of electricity, we have to find alternative sources of energy before fossil fuels run out.
→ Having _________________________________________________
5. Tonya had dumped a lot of rubbish on the beach. She was strongly criticised for that.
→ Tonya was ___________________________________________________
6. In the Tree Planting Competition, the students in Group 11G planted the most trees in the schoolyard. They were praised for that.
→ The students in __________________________________________________
7. After she replaced all the light bulbs in her house with LED lights, she same a lot of money on her electricity bills.
→ Having ______________________________________________________
8. Sam had not worked hard enough in his previous job. He regretted it.
→ Sam regretted __________________________________________________
9. Someone had cut down the oldest tree in the park. The police suspected Mike of doing it.
→ The police suspected ________________________________________
10. Since the farmers used too much chemical fertiliser on their farm, they now have to drink polluted water.
→ Having ____________________________________________________________________
11. Denis had taken an active part in the Green Summer activities. He was rewarded for that.
→ Denis was ______________________________________________________________
12. After the students had learnt about the benefits of recycling and reusing, they started collecting waste paper, bottles, and cans to recycle and reuse.
→ Having ____________________________________________________________
EX 5. Rewrite the following sentences using Perfect Participle.
Ex: We switched off the lights before we went to bed.
→ Having switched off the lights, we went to bed.
1. Zoe had practiced a lot, so she was sure of her winning in the competition.
________________________________________________________________________
2. The boy asked his mother's permission and then went out to play.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. As he had drunk too much, he didn't drive home himself.
______________________________________________________________________________
4. We have done two tests today, so we are exhausted.
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. She filled the washing machine and switched it on.
______________________________________________________________________________________
6. She had been to disco the night before and she overslept in the morning.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. We had worked in the garden all day and were sunburned in the evening.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. She had not slept for two days and therefore she wasn't able to concentrate.
____________________________________________________________________________________
9. Since I had not seen him for ages, I didn’t recognize him.
_________________________________________________________________________________
10. I had not ridden a horse for a long time and I found it very difficult to sit on the saddle.
___________________________________________________________________________
EX 6. Put the verbs in the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense.
1. I (try) _______________ to learn French for years, but I (not succeed) ___________________ yet.
2. She (read) _____________ all the works of Dickens. How many (you read) ___________________?
3. I (wait) ____________ here nearly half an hour for my girlfriend; do you think she (forget) _______________ to come?
4. Mary (rest) _______________ in the garden all day because she (be) _____________________ ill.
5. Although John (study) ____________ at the University for 5 years, he (not get) ________ his degree yet.
6. Jack (go) ______________ to Switzerland for a holiday. He (never, be) ___________________ there.
7. We (live) _______ here for the last six months, and (just, decide) _________to move.
8. That book (lie) _____ on the table for weeks. You (not read) ___ it yet?
9. He (not be) ___________ here since Christmas; I wonder where he (live) _____________ since then.
10. He (lose) ________ his books. He (look) ______ for them all afternoon, but they (not turn up) ____ yet.
11. She (work) __________ so hard this week that she (not have) ___________ time to go to the cinema.
12. Your hair is wet. (You swim) ____________________ for a long time?
13. Bill is still a bad driver although he (drive) ____________________ cars for six years.
14. You look very tired. (You work) ____________________ very hard ?
15. The phone (ring) ______________ for 2 minutes, but I (not answer) ________________ it yet
EX 7. Rewrite the sentences, using the present perfect or the present perfect continuous.
1. I started discussing my research proposal with my professor at the beginning of my course. We're still discussing it.
→ ______________________________________________________________________
2. Nam's still studying English. He started studying it two years ago. (for)
→ ______________________________________________________________________________
3. I started learning how to play the piano eight months ago. I'm still learning it.
→ _____________________________________________________________________
4. He attended two online vocational courses: one in 2012 and the other in 2013. (twice)
→ ____________________________________________________________________
5. They visited this college in 2009, 2012 and 2014. (three times)
→ ________________________________________________________________
6. The British Council established IELTS a long time ago. It still uses this test as an international standardised test of English for non- native English language speakers. (for)
→ ________________________________________________________________________
7. She started her research project last month. She's still doing it.
→ _____________________________________________________________
8. The university started building a new campus in May. They are still building it. (since)
→ _______________________________________________________________
9. The graduate students started arriving at four o'clock. They are all in the lecture hall.
→ ______________________________________________________________
10. Mary is staying at a homestay during her undergraduate programme. The programme began three weeks ago. (for)
→ ___________________________________________________________
EX 8. Rewrite the following sentences using present participle, past participle or to-infinitive.
1. Maxicorp were the only company which replied my letter.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you know the man who is talking to my father?
______________________________________________________________________
3. Applications which were sent after 23rd will not be considered.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. We have a lot of exercises which we have to do tonight.
__________________________________________________________________
5. Studies of her son are the most important thing that she cares about.
_____________________________________________________________________
6. The equipment which belongs to the club is insured.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. George is the first person that we will interview.
______________________________________________________________________
8. Meetings which are held every month are called monthly meetings.
_________________________________________________________________
9. The most excellent students who were rewarded the scholarship would have a two-week holiday in Vung Tau.
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. The trees which were planted last week are growing well.
____________________________________________________________________
III/ PRACTICE TEST
UNIT 6
I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. dinner B. disappear C. discover D. dinosaur
2. A. robot B. robe C. rock D. role
3. A. constant B. modern C. obvious D. robot
4. A. continue B. finish C. likely D. instant
5. A. annual B. basic C. average D. capacity
II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
1. A. importance B. happiness C. employment D. relation
2. A. possible B. cultural C. confident D. supportive
3. A. office B. nature C. result D. farmer
4. A. difficult B. popular C. effective D. national
5. A. answer B. reply C. singer D. future
III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.
1. Developed countries are responsible for 80% of the ____ carbon dioxide that is already in the atmosphere.
A. man-made B. men-made C. man-making D. man-mades
2. The government must take ____ to cut vehicle emissions.
A. measures B. repeat C. discover D. ban
3. They didn't forget ____ a short vacation in Cuc Phuong National Park last year.
A. being spent B. having been spent C. to spend D. having spent
4. The effects of climate change on humans and nature are ____.
A. catastrophic B. temperature C. global D. risk
5. A layer of greenhouse gases – primarily water vapor, and carbon dioxide - acts as a ____ blanket for the Earth, absorbing heat and warming the surface.
A. heat B. heating C. thermal D. hot
6. We admired the Japanese ____ the city of Fukushima after the disaster.
A. to being rebuilt B. for having rebuilt C. to rebuild D. of having rebuilt
7. We need to preserve the ____ of wildlife because each species has an important role to play.
A. diversity B. various C. population D. type
8. Most climate scientists agree the main cause of the current global warming trend is human expansion of the greenhouse ____.
A. gas B. damage C. cause D. effect
9. ____ trees around the house on the south and west sides, they can save up to about $250 a year on cooling and heating.
A. Having planted B. Being planted C. To plant D. To have planted
10. The increase in the earth's temperature can cause ____illness which can be dangerous to people.
A. heat-related B. heat-relate C. heat-relating D. heated-relate
11. Certain ____ in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, block heat from escaping. A. gases B. layers C. effects D. emissions
12. Having developed green technologies with low-carbon emissions, ____ intends to get rid of coal.
A. that country B. the communities C. the effort D. the possibility
13. Carbon dioxide is one of the primary ____ gases that cause global warming.
A. greenhouse B. house C. plant D. home
14. Carbon dioxide is released through ____ processes such as respiration and volcano eruptions and through ____ activities such as deforestation, land use change, and burning fossil fuels.
A. man-made B. ordinary-man-made C. human natural D.natural-human
15. Vietnam has been named among the 12 countries most ____ for climate change by the World Bank. A. at danger B. in risk C. at risk D. ready
IV. Choose the word or phrase that best fits the blank space in the following passage.
Consequences of Global Warming on Wildlife
Increasing global temperatures are expected to (1) ____ ecosystems, pushing extinction to those species that cannot adapt. The first comprehensive assessment of the extinction risk (2) ____ global warming found that more than 1 million species could be extinctive by 2050 if the current rate continues.
A recent study of (3) ____ 2,000 species of plants and animals discovered movement toward the poles at an average rate 3.8 miles per decade.
The latest climate change report found that approximately 20 to 30 percent of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at (4) ____ risk of extinction if global average temperature increases by more than 2.7 to 4.5 degree Fahrenheit.
(5) ____ polar bears are drowning because they have to swim longer distances to reach ice floes. The U.S. Geological Survey has predicted that (6) ____ of the world's polar bear populations will be extinct by the mid-century due to melting of the Arctic ice cap.
The ocean will continue to become more acidic due to carbon dioxide emissions. (7) ____ this acidification, species with hard calcium carbonate shells are vulnerable, as are coral reefs, (8) ____
are vital to ocean ecosystems. Scientists predict that a 3.6 degree Fahrenheit increase (9) ____ temperature would (10) ____ out 97 percent of the world's coral feels.
1. A. endanger B. benefit C. harm D. use
2. A. to B. from C. off D. on
3. A. nearly B. near C. relatively D. wealthy
4. A. declined B. born C. presented D. increased
5. A. Some B. Few C. More D. Little
6. A. two-third B. two-thirds C. two-three D. two-thirdth
7. A. As B. Due C. Because D. Because of
8. A. that B. when C. which D. who
9. A. away B. in C. at D. of
10. A. send B. broke C. wipe D. lay
V. Read the passage and choose the best answer.
The world's oceans have warmed 50 percent faster over the last 40 years than previously thought due to climate change, Australian and US climate researchers reported Wednesday. Higher ocean temperatures expand the volume of water, contributing to a rise in sea levels that is submerging small island nations and threatening to wreak havoc in low-lying, densely populated delta regions around the globe.
The study, published in the British journal Nature, adds to a growing scientific chorus of warnings about the pace and consequences rising oceans. It also serves as a corrective to a massive report issued last year by the Nobel-winning UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), according to the authors.
Rising sea levels are driven by two things: the thermal expansion of sea water, and additional water from melting sources of ice. Both processes are caused by global warming. The ice sheet that sits atop Greenland, for example, contains enough water to raise world ocean levels by seven metres (23 feet), which would bury sea-level cities from Dhaka to Shanghai.
Trying to figure out how much each of these factors contributes to rising sea levels is critically important to understanding climate change, and forecasting future temperature rises, scientists say. But up to now, there has been a perplexing gap between the projections of computer-based climate models, and the observations of scientists gathering data from the oceans.
The new study, led by Catia Domingues of the Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, is the first to reconcile the models with observed data. Using new techniques to assess ocean temperatures to a depth of 700 metres (2,300 feet) from 1961 to 2003, it shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.53 millimetre-per-year rise in sea levels rather than the 0.32 mm rise reported by the IPCC.
1. Ultimately, the new study should help scientists to ____.
A. lower water levels. B. better predict climate change.
C. bury sea-level cities like Dhaka and Shanghai.
2. The rise in water levels is especially dangerous for small island nations and ____.
A. low-lying urban areas. B. all coastal cities.
C. people who live on the beach.
3. What happens when the ocean's temperature rises?
A. It causes sea levels to rise. B. It causes sea levels to remain constant.
C. It causes sea levels to decrease.
4. What was the main finding of the study?
A. not enough is being done about global warming.
B. ocean waters have warmed faster than scientists had previously thought.
C. the warming of the world's oceans is not a threat.
5. The new study ____.
A. shows that thermal warming contributed to a 0.32 millimeter-per-year rise in sea levels.
B. did not reveal anything that scientists didn't already know.
C. used new techniques to assess ocean temperatures.
TEST
I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. sale B. serve C. sure D. sort
2. A. age B. altogether C. change D. college
3. A. mercury B. mermaid C. merriment D. servant
4. A. solar B. cost C. knowledge D. impossible
5. A. appear B. measure C. nuclear D. year
II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
1. A. commitee B. scientific C. pagoda D. computer
2. A. lotion B. escape C. prefer D. review
3. A. commerce B. consent C. access D. advent
4. A. mysterious B. historical C. heritage D. particular
5. A. discriminate B. accurate C. transparent D. benevolent
III. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.
1. Planting trees can contribute to reducing global warming as trees ____ and absorb CO in the air.
A. capture B. pasture C. calculate D. appear
2. A strong greenhouse effect will warm the ocean and partially melt glaciers, increasing ____.
A. sea level B. temperature C. sea water D. pollution
3. The next dry season will be extremely severe ____ further saltwater intrusion, water and rain shortages, and heat waves. A. due to B. thanks to C. because D. although
4. Climate change may lead to the extinction of many species and upset the ____ balance.
A. ecological B. biology C. geography D. technology
5. Ocean water also will expand if it warm, ____ further to sea level rise.
A. leading B. contributing C. getting D. making
6. Methane is a far more active ____ than carbon dioxide, but also one which is much less abundant in the atmosphere. A. climate change B. emission C. greenhouse gas D. greenhouse effect
7. The government must take measures to cut ____ emissions.
A. vehicle B. transportation C. transfer D. convert
8. The cleaning of land for agricultural, industry, and other human activities have increased ____ of greenhouse gases.
A. lots B. collections C. concentration D. attention
9. The low ____ in the Mekong Delta leads to acute saline instruction much deeper than the traditional 30 to 40 km of mainland that is contaminated with saltwater.
A. water level B. salt water C. water currents D. sea level
10. Buying organic food is better for the environment because it uses less ____.
A. fertilizer B. fertilize C. fertilizes D. fertilized
11. Humans ____ atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by a third since the Industrial Revolution began. A. had increased B. were increasing C. Increase D. have increased
12. All of the disasters resulted from ____ will continue to have a devastating effect on socio-economic development.
A. ecological balance B. carbon footprint C. floods D. climate change
13. The simplest way to reduce your ____ footprint is to cycle to school.
A. carbon B. chemical C. chemistry D. dioxide
14. ____ the desalination plant, the company could offer an effective solution to the problem of water scarcity. A. Being built B. Having been built C. To build D. Having built
15. Sea level rise is usually regarded as Vietnam's main ____: a one-meter rise would submerge 40 percent of the country and make millions homeless.
A. concern B. disaster C. hope D. destruction
16. Replace all the light bulbs in your home with ____ bulbs.
A. energy-saving B. energy-save C. energy-saves D. energy-saved
17. The public praised the local farmers for ____ millions of trees of the surrounding hills.
A. being planting B. having planted C. plant D. being planted
18. Leaving your DVD player on standby produces the same carbon ____ each year as the average person of Burundi. A. emissions B. releases C. eruptions D. appearance
IV. Read a text about common wedding rituals in the USA and answer the questions that follow.
One of the factors in global warming is carbon monoxide. The more carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, the less the atmosphere is able to clean itself. The result is a warming of the atmosphere, the so-called global warming, and possibly ozone damage.
Earlier, it was found that carbon monoxide was concentrated in the Southern Hemisphere, and could be attributed to deforestation. Huge areas of forest and grasslands in South America and Africa have been burned, putting carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Recently, however, the Southern Hemisphere has been found to be clean, while the Northern Hemisphere is more polluted than expected.
The latest research was done during the northern winter. The high levels in the Northern Hemisphere could be because of this. In winter carbon monoxide is destroyed more slowly. There are also more fires burned in winter, and possibly industrial processes work harder. It could also reflect the ever-increasing number of cars on the roads. Optimists hope that the reason why the North has overtaken the South as the major area of carbon monoxide is that at last the burning has stopped, or at least slowed down.
1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A Global warming. B. Carbon monoxide in the atmosphere.
C. The warming of the atmosphere. D. Ozone damage.
2. Which of the following is NOT a reason for carbon dioxide?
A. Ozone damage. B. Burning of forest. C. Traffic. D. Industry.
3. According to the author which of the following is a reason why in winter there is more carbon-monoxide in the atmosphere?
A. Fewer factories are working.
B. There is a decrease in the amount of traffic on the roads.
C. Central heating means there are fewer fires nowadays.
D. Carbon monoxide is not absorbed so fast.
4. Why are the optimists happy?
A. People are buying more cars. B. There is more carbon dioxide in the North.
C. They are possibly burning fewer forests in the Southern Hemisphere.
D. Industry must be doing better.
5. What is the attitude of the author towards the new findings?
A. He is biased in favor of the South. B. He is neutral.
C. He agrees with the optimists. D. He is worried about the North.
UNIT 7
I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. ago B. across C. about D. adult
2. A. language B. article C. partly D. hardly
3. A. but B. cut C. sun D. put
4. A. lake B. plane C. plan D. state
5. A. lecture B. medium C. inventor D. president
II. Choose the word which has a different stress pattern from the others.
1. A. definition B. politician C. situation D. production
2. A. image B. purchase C. mislead D. deadline
3. A. extinction B. endangered C. business D. intention
4. A. cattle B. country C. canal D. cover
5. A. copy B. remove C. notice D. cancel
III. Choose the correct words in brackets to complete the sentences.
1. Prof. Wilson has given / has been giving the same seminar to students for the last 12 years.
2. She has never understood / has never been understanding why so many young people want to study abroad.
3. Nam has studied / has been studying English for two years.
4. He has attended / has been attending online vocational courses twice.
5. Have you applied / Have you applying for the scholarship to study in Singapore?
6. We have waited / have been waiting for the university's reply about entry requirements for the whole week. We hope to receive it soon.
7. The British Council has used / has been using IELTS as an international standardised test of English for non-native English language speakers for a long time.
8. The university has built / has been building a new campus since May.
9. We have read / have been reading three books on vocational training to complete this project.
10. They have read / have been reading a report on a further education since last Monday. I will finish it this Sunday.
11. Mary has stayed / has been staying at a homestay for three weeks during her undergraduate programme.
12. I have applied / have been applying for a vocational scholarship three times.
IV. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.
1. We ____ him since he ____ married.
A. didn't see/got B. haven't seen/got C. don't/get D. hadn't seen/got
2. I ____ the money yet.
A. not received B. didn't receive C. haven't received D. hadn't received
3. Today is Thursday and she ____ late twice this week. She ____ late yesterday and on Monday.
A. is/was B. has been/is C. has been/was D. has been/had been
4. We ____ what to do with the money yet.
A. not decide B. didn't decide C. haven't decided D. hadn't decided
5. My father ____ as a teacher for almost thirty years.
A. works B. is working C. worked D. has been working
6. He ____ to New York at least three times this year.
A. had been going B. was going C. has been going D. is going
7. They ____ to know each other for more than ten years.
A. get B. got C. have got D. had got
8. She ____ dishes already.
A. was washing B. washed C. has washed D. has been washing
9. I ____ you for ages.
A. haven't been meeting B. didn't meet C. wasn't meeting D. haven't met
10. Tom is still watching television. He ____ television all day.
A. has been watching B. was watching C. has watched D. watched
11. A Bachelor's degree is a three-year or four-year course you take in undergraduate higher education after you ____ further education.
A. has finished B. had been finishing C. have finished D. have been finishing
12. At most institutions in the UK, the ____ starts in September or October and runs until June or July.
A. leap year B. gap year C. new year D. academic year
13. That university ____ the Advanced Programme with the aim to enrol around 500 international students for a decade.
A. has been implementing B. will be implementing
C. have implemented D. will implement
14. Further and higher education colleges offer courses and qualification wide range of vocational and academic subjects at many ____.
A. levels B. positions C. standards D. qualities
15. Depending on your nationality, you may be ____ for a loan or financial support from the UK government.
A. keen B. eligible C. legal D. capable
16. The UK offers a wide range of work-based ____ for students seeking to build careers in specific industries.
A. exercising B. practicing C. learning D. training
17. University ____ in Vietnam can decide their own criteria for enrolling international students.
A. bosses B. leaders C. principals D. rectors
18. A Bachelor's degree is also known as the ____ university degree or an undergraduate degree.
A. main B. ordinary C. first D. major
19. The teachers at Edinburgh College encourage students to ____ with others, experiment with arts and find their own ideas.
A. solve B. collaborate C. support D. improve
20. With thousands of UK further education courses on offer, you can choose a course that ____ your goals and interests.
A. watches B. appoints C. fixes D. matches
V. Read the passage and choose the best answer.
It's called 42 - the name taken from the answer to the meaning of life, from the science fiction series The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. 42 was founded by French technology billionaire Xavier Niel, whose backing means there are no tuition fees and accommodation is free. Mr Niel and his co-founders come from the world of technology and start-ups, and they are trying to do to education what Facebook did to communication and Airbus to accommodation.
Students at 42 are given a choice of projects that they might be set in a job as a software engineer - perhaps to design a website or a computer game. They complete a project using resources freely available on the Internet and by seeking help from their fellow students, who work alongside them in a large open-plan room full of computers. Another student will then be randomly assigned to mark their work.
The founders claim this method of learning makes up for shortcomings in the traditional education system, which they say encourages students to be passive recipients of knowledge. “Peer-to-peer learning develops students with the confidence to search for solutions by themselves, often in quite creative and ingenious ways."
Like in computer games, the students are asked to design and they go up a level by completing a project. They graduate when they reach level 21, which usually takes three to five years. And at the end, there is a certificate but no formal degree. Recent graduates are now working at companies including IBM, Amazon, and Tesla, as well as starting their own firms.
"The feedback we have had from employers is that our graduates are more apt to go off and find out information for themselves, rather than asking their supervisors what to do next," says Brittany Bir, chief operating officer of 42 in California and a graduate of its sister school in Paris. Ms Bir says 42's graduates will be better able to work with others and discuss and defend their ideas - an important skill in the "real world” of work. “This is particularly important in computer programming, where individuals are notorious for lacking certain human skills," she says.
But could 42's model of teacherless learning work in mainstream universities? Brittany Bir admits 42's methods do not suit all students. "It suits individuals who are very disciplined and self-motivated, and who are not scared by having the freedom to work at their own pace," she says.
Question 1: According to the passage, 42 is ____.
A. a kind of school B. a type of accommodation
C. an innovation in technology D. a tool of virtual communication
Question 2: The word "them" in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
A. students at 42 B. projects C. resources D. software engineers
Question 3: The author mentions “to design a website or a computer game” in paragraph 2 to illustrate ____.
A. a job that a French software engineer always does
B. a choice of assignment that students at 42 have to complete
C. a free resource available on the Internet
D. a help that students at 42 get for their work
Question 4: What do 42's graduates receive on completion of their course?
A. a certificate B. a degree C. a project D. a design
Question 5: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. The founders of 42 share the idea of providing free service on Facebook.
B. It normally takes 42's students at least five years to complete their course.
C. The students of 42 are required to play computer games during their course.
D. 42's peer-to-peer approach promotes active learning and working.
Question 6: According to Ms Bir, 42's graduates will be able to improve ____.
A. the skills of giving feedback B. the skills of searching for information
C. the skills of teamwork and debating D. the skills of software programming
Question 7: The word "notorious" in paragraph 5 can be best replaced by ____.
A. respectable B. incompetent C. infamous D. memorable
Question 8: It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A. 42 is a good choice for people of all ages and nationalities
B. all 42's graduates are employed by world leading technology companies
C. 42's students have to handle the task assigned without any assistance
D. 42 adopts project-based and problem-solving learning methods
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